Voltage Supply Insensitive Bias Circuits

ABSTRACT

A voltage-insensitive circuit includes a second circuit, and a biasing means for providing a constant bias current to the second circuit, the bias current being insensitive to power fluctuations of the voltage-insensitive circuit.

BACKGROUND

In various portable devices, such as cellular telephones, the need toprovide stable DC operating conditions can be important. To obtain suchstable DC operating conditions, a regulated voltage is often used. Suchregulated voltages are useful to provide stable low noise amplifiers,variable gain amplifiers and power amplifiers.

Unfortunately, certain portable devices, such as cellular phones andPDAs, may use a battery as it sole power source. Because batteries donot provide constant voltages under varying conditions, electroniccircuits that rely on stable DC voltages may perform poorly.

In order to compensate for this shortcoming, voltage regulatingcircuits, such as Low-DropOut regulators (LDOs) are used in conjunctionwith batteries. However, as the number of functions of portable devices(e.g., multimedia and camera) increase, the number of LDOs may alsoincrease.

Unfortunately, the number of the LDOs available to a portable device maybe limited due to area constraints. Thus, it is desirable to developbias circuitry for amplifiers that can provide constant bias conditionsover large battery voltage variations.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a voltage-insensitive biascircuit includes a first resistor connected between a power voltage nodeand a voltage divider node, a second resistor connected between a groundnode and the voltage divider node, a first bipolar transistor having afirst base, a first collector and a first emitter, a fourth resistorconnected between the first base and the voltage divider node, a fifthresistor connected between the first collector and the power voltagenode, a sixth resistor connected between the first emitter and theground node, a second bipolar transistor having a second base, a secondcollector and a second emitter, wherein the second collector isconnected to the power voltage node, a seventh resistor connectedbetween the first collector and the second base and a second diodehaving a second anode and a second cathode, and a third diode having athird anode and a third cathode, wherein the second anode is connectedto the second base, the second cathode is connected to the third anode,and the third cathode is connected to the ground node, wherein thesecond emitter provides a first bias output to a second circuit, thefirst bias output being appreciably insensitive to voltage fluctuationsof the voltage power node.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, a voltage-insensitivebias circuit includes a first bipolar transistor having a first base, afirst collector and a first emitter, wherein the first base is connectedto a first reference node, the first collector is connected to a powervoltage node and the first emitter provides a first bias output to asecond circuit, the first bias output being appreciably insensitive tovoltage fluctuations of the voltage power node, a reference resistorconnected between the power voltage node and the first reference node,and a second bipolar transistor having a second base, a second collectorand a second emitter, wherein the second base is connected to the firstreference node, the second emitter is coupled to a ground node via afirst diode and the second collector is coupled to a third transistor.

In accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment, avoltage-insensitive circuit includes a second circuit, and a biasingmeans for providing a constant bias current to the second circuit, thebias current being insensitive to power fluctuations of thevoltage-insensitive circuit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The example embodiments are best understood from the following detaileddescription when read with the accompanying drawing figures. It isemphasized that the various features are not necessarily drawn to scale.In fact, the dimensions may be arbitrarily increased or decreased forclarity of discussion. Wherever applicable and practical, like referencenumerals refer to like elements.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a power circuit using a power voltageinsensitive circuit in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 2 is graph illustrating the relationship of bias currents and powerfluctuations for various bias circuits in accordance with anillustrative embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a power-voltage insensitive biascircuit in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a power-voltage insensitive biascircuit in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a power-voltage insensitive biascircuit in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of a power-voltage insensitive biascircuit in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of a power-voltage insensitive biascircuit in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

FIGS. 7A-7F are schematic diagrams of various bias modulation circuitsfor optional use with the power-voltage insensitive bias circuits ofFIGS. 3-6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation andnot limitation, specific details are set forth in order to provide athorough understanding of example embodiments according to the presentteachings. However, it will be apparent to one having ordinary skill inthe art having had the benefit of the present disclosure that otherembodiments according to the present teachings that depart from thespecific details disclosed herein remain within the scope of theappended claims. Moreover, descriptions of hardware, software, firmware,materials and methods may be omitted so as to avoid obscuring thedescription of the illustrative embodiments. Nonetheless, such hardware,software, firmware, materials and methods that are within the purview ofone of ordinary skill in the art may be used in accordance with theillustrative embodiments. Such hardware, software, firmware, materialsand methods are clearly within the scope of the present teachings.

In many electronic devices, bias circuits are used to establish stableDC operating conditions. Additionally, bias circuits can compensate forprocess variations and temperature variations. While there are knownbias circuits that can reduce an electronic device's sensitivity tosupply voltage changes, they tend to fail with large battery voltagevariations that often occur with portable devices. To address this, thedevelopers of the disclosed methods and systems have devised a number ofrelated solutions.

Note that in the following descriptions the terms “collector” andemitter” are used for clarity of explanation. However, given that formany bipolar transistors there may be little or no substantialdifference between the base and emitter, the terms may be considered asinterchangeable or equivalents for certain transistors in the followingdescriptions unless otherwise stated.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a power circuit using a power voltageinsensitive circuit. As shown in FIG. 1, the power circuit includes apower amplifier 100 having an RFin and an RFout node, a bias circuit 110and a bias modulation level switch 130.

In operation, the power amplifier 100 can amplify any number of signalsreceived from its RFin node to produce an amplified signal at its RFoutnode. In order to stabilize the performance of the power amplifier 100in lieu of fluctuations of the battery power supply Vcc feeding thepower amplifier 100, the bias circuit 110 can use any of a number ofspecial circuit arrangements as will be discussed below.

In various embodiments, the bias circuit 110 can not only provide astable bias current for large power supply fluctuations, but it may alsoprovide a stable bias current for substantial temperature variations.

Still further, in various embodiments where power may need to beconserved, the bias modulation level switch 130 may be used to changethe bias current from an active level to a lower, power-conservinglevel.

FIG. 2 is graph illustrating the relationship of quiescent bias currentsfor a conventional bias circuit and the disclosed bias circuits for avoltage range of 3.7±0.5 volts. As shown in FIG. 1, the quiescent biascurrent for the conventional bias circuit can vary by an order ofmagnitude even for a single 1.0 volt change in power supply. Incontrast, using the disclosed methods and devices (and careful componentselection), quiescent bias currents can remain essentially flat for thesame voltage range.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of apower-voltage insensitive bias circuit 310. As shown in FIG. 3, thepower-voltage insensitive bias circuit 310 includes a first resistor R1connected between a power voltage node Vcc and a voltage divider nodeVx, a second resistor R2 connected between a ground node and the voltagedivider node Vx, a first bipolar transistor Q1, a fourth resistor R4connected between the base of the first transistor Q1 and the voltagedivider node, a fifth resistor R5 connected between the collector of thefirst transistor Q1 and the power voltage node, a sixth resistor R6connected between the first emitter and the ground node, a secondbipolar transistor Q2 with its collector connected to the power voltagenode, a seventh resistor R7 connected between the collector oftransistor Q1 and the base of transistor Q2, and a second diode D2 andthird diode D3 (both forward biased during operation) connected inseries between the base of transistor Q2 and the ground node.

Note that in various embodiments where temperature compensation isdesired, a thermal compensation circuit consisting of a first diode D1in series with a third resistor R3 can be added between the firstvoltage divider node Vx and the ground node. Note that the first diodeD1 is arranged to be forward biased during normal operation, i.e., whena positive voltage of sufficient magnitude is applied to the powersupply node Vcc.

In normal operation, the bias circuit 310 can provide a stable biasoutput current to a power amplifier 320 or any number of other circuitsregardless of large voltage fluctuations in the power supply node Vcc.For the present example of FIG. 3, the emitter of transistor Q2 canprovide a constant bias current to the base of transistor Q3, thusenabling transistor Q3 to amplify any signal presented to node Vin in astable fashion.

Note that during normal operation, the voltage of the voltage dividernode Vx can be determined by resistors R1 and R2 (assuming no thermalcompensation) or by resistors R1, R2, R3 and diode D1 (assuming thermalcompensation). Also note that fluctuations in the power supply node Vcccan cause proportional changes in the voltage divider node Vx. Forexample, as Vcc increases, Vx may also increase causing an increase inboth the base-emitter current and the collector-emitter current I_(Q) ofthe first transistor Q1. The increase of the collector-emitter currentI_(Q) can cause the voltage Vy at the collector of transistor Q1 todecrease.

Now note that a rise in Vcc will also tend to cause the voltage at nodeVy to rise given that node Vy is coupled to Vcc both through resistor R5and through resistor R6 via transistor Q2. By carefully selecting theresistance values/ratios of resistors R4, R5 and R6, the relationshipbetween the slope of voltage Vy vs. Vcc can be establish to be positive,negative or substantially flat. By selecting the resistancevalues/ratios of resistors R4, R5 and R6 to assure a flat voltage Vyslope, a stable output current at the emitter of transistor Q2 may beassured regardless of variations in Vcc.

Further, when diode D1 and resistor R3 are added for thermalcompensation, temperature-induced variations to the first transistor Q1that might affect the bias output current can be compensated. Forexample, a drop in temperature can cause the base-emitter voltage V_(BE)of the first transistor Q1 to rise, which unchecked would cause alowering of the collector-emitter current I_(Q), a rise in Vy and alowering of the output bias current at the emitter of the secondtransistor Q2. However, the same temperature drop causing an increase inthe base-emitter V_(BE) voltage of the first transistor Q1 can alsocause an increase in the forward-bias voltage of the first diode D1.This increase in the forward-bias voltage of diode D1 can cause Vx torise, and when the resistive values of resistors R1, R2 and R3 areappropriately chosen, the increase in Vx can be made to track theincrease in the base-emitter V_(BE) voltage of the first transistor Q1.As a result, the collector-emitter current I_(Q), voltage Vy and thebias current at the emitter of the second transistor Q2 can remainconstant over temperature.

Returning to FIG. 3, it should be noted that the (optional) biasmodulation circuit 330 may be coupled between diodes D2 and D3. Byactivating the bias modulation circuit 330, the output bias current canbe substantially altered to a lower level for situations where powerconservation is desired. While the form of the bias modulation circuit330 may vary substantially from embodiment to embodiment, FIGS. 7A-7Fare provided as practical examples of circuits capable of appropriatelychanging the output bias current level of the second transistor Q2.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary embodiment of asecond power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 410. As shown in FIG. 4,the configuration of the second power-voltage insensitive bias circuit410 can be essentially the same as the same lines as the power-voltageinsensitive bias circuit 310 of FIG. 3 and therefore operate along thesame general principles. However, unlike the power-voltage insensitivebias circuit 310 of FIG. 3, the present power-voltage insensitive biascircuit 410 is coupled to the (optional) bias modulation circuit 330 atthe base of the second transistor Q2, rather than between diodes D2 andD3.

Notably the bias circuits described herein as power voltage insensitivecircuit may also function to provide temperature compensation as well.That is, the diode circuit, comprised of diode D1 in series withresistor R3, is not the only solution for temperature compensation. Thediode circuit is useful for temperature optimization when morecompensation is required over temperature. As such, this function of thediode circuit function is applicable to many embodiments describedherein.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of yet another exemplary embodiment of apower-voltage insensitive bias circuit 510. As shown in FIG. 5, thepower-voltage insensitive bias circuit 510 includes a first bipolartransistor Q1 having its base is connected to a first reference node Vy,its collector connected to a power voltage node Vcc and its emitterproviding a current bias output to a power amplifier 320 or othercircuit. As with the previous examples, the current bias output isappreciably insensitive to voltage fluctuations of the voltage powernode Vcc. Continuing with FIG. 5, the power-voltage insensitive biascircuit 510 also includes a reference resistor Rref connected betweenthe power voltage node Vcc and the first reference node Vy, and a secondbipolar transistor Q2 with its base connected to the first referencenode Vy, its emitter coupled to a ground node via a first diode D1 andits collector coupled to the collector of a third transistor Q3 viaresistor Rf. Note that transistor Q2 can act as a transistor or theequivalent of two diodes (base-emitter & base-collector).

Continuing, the emitter of transistor Q3 can be coupled to ground viaresistor Re, and the collector of transistor Q3 can be coupled to thepower voltage node Vcc via a resistor Rc. A first resistor R1 canconnected between the power voltage node Vcc and a voltage divider nodeVs, and a second resistor (optionally consisting of resistive elementsR2 and R3) can be connected between the ground node and the voltagedivider node Vs. Note that the base of the third transistor Q3 also canbe connected to the voltage divider node Vs.

In normal operation, the voltage at the voltage divider node Vs can bedependent on the power supply node Vcc. As Vcc rises, the voltage atnode Vs can increase, thus causing transistor 03 to draw more current.As transistor Q3 draws an increasing amount of current, this current canbe drawn from a first path that includes resistor Rref, across thecollector-base junction of transistor Q2, resistor Rf, across thecollector and emitter of transistor Q3 and resistor Re. This increase incurrent through the base-collector junction of the second transistor Q2will tend to lower the voltage at node Vy as the voltage increase at Vcctries to raise it. The effect is that the voltage at node Vy can remainflat in response to a voltage increase of the power supply node Vccassuming an appropriate choice of resistor values. Accordingly, node Vycan be “compensated”, and the output bias current can remain stable.

Also note that, as Vcc lowers, the voltage at Vs can decrease, andtransistor Q3 may draw less current. As Q3 draws less current, currentwill tend to flow along a second path that includes resistor Rc,resistor Rf, across the collector and emitter of transistor Q2 and diodeD1. This will tend to increase the voltage at node Vy as the voltagedecrease at Vcc tries to lower it. The effect is that the voltage atnode Vy can remain flat in response to a voltage decrease of the powersupply node Vcc. Again, node Vy is “compensated” and the output biascurrent can remain stable assuming an appropriate choice of resistorvalues.

Again returning to FIG. 5, note that the bias modulation circuit 330 isconnected between resistive elements R2 and R3. As with the previousexamples of FIGS. 3-4, the exact form of the bias modulation circuit 330can vary greatly while noting that the bias modulation circuits of FIGS.7A-7F are well-suited examples of capable bias modulation circuits.

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of still another exemplary embodiment ofa power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 610. As shown in FIG. 6A, theconfiguration of the present power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 610can be essentially the same as the power-voltage insensitive biascircuit 510 of FIG. 5 and therefore can operate along the same generalprinciples. However, unlike the power-voltage insensitive bias circuit510 of FIG. 5, the present power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 610 iscoupled to the (optional) bias modulation circuit 330 at the emitter ofthe second transistor Q2 rather than between resistive elements R2 andR3.

FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of still another exemplary embodiment ofa power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 620. As shown in FIG. 6B, theconfiguration of the present power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 620can be essentially the same as the power-voltage insensitive biascircuit 510 of FIG. 5 and therefore can operate along the same generalprinciples. However, unlike the power-voltage insensitive bias circuit510 of FIG. 5, the present power-voltage insensitive bias circuit 620 iscoupled to the (optional) bias modulation circuit 330 at the base of thefirst transistor Q1 rather than between resistive elements R2 and R3.

In connection with illustrative embodiments, voltage-insensitive biascircuits are described. One of ordinary skill in the art appreciatesthat many variations that are in accordance with the present teachingsare possible and remain within the scope of the appended claims. Theseand other variations would become clear to one of ordinary skill in theart after inspection of the specification, drawings and claims herein.The invention therefore is not to be restricted except within the spiritand scope of the appended claims.

1.-11. (canceled)
 12. A voltage-insensitive bias circuit, comprising: a first bipolar transistor having a first base, a first collector and a first emitter, wherein the first base is connected to a first reference node, the first collector is connected to a power voltage node and the first emitter provides a first bias output to a second circuit, the first bias output being appreciably insensitive to voltage fluctuations of the voltage power node; a reference resistor connected between the power voltage node and the first reference node; and a second bipolar transistor having a second base, a second collector and a second emitter, wherein the second base is connected to the first reference node, the second emitter is coupled to a ground node via a first diode and the second collector is coupled to a third transistor.
 13. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 12, wherein the third bipolar transistor has a third base, a third collector and a third emitter, wherein the third emitter is coupled to ground via a third resistor and the third collector is coupled to the power voltage node via a fourth resistor and to the second collector via a fifth resistor.
 14. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 13, further comprising: a first resistor connected between the power voltage node and a voltage divider node; and a second resistor connected between the ground node and the voltage divider node; wherein the third base is connected to the voltage divider node.
 15. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 14, wherein a voltage increase of the power voltage node causing an increase in a voltage level of the voltage divider node is compensated by an increase of current between the second emitter and the second collector.
 16. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 14, wherein a voltage decrease of the power voltage node causing a decrease in a voltage level of the voltage divider node is compensated by an increase of current between the second emitter and the second base.
 17. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 12, further comprising a bias modulation circuit having at least one transistor and a modulation control output, wherein the bias modulation circuit is adapted to adjust the first bias output.
 18. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 17, wherein the modulation control output is connected to the second emitter.
 19. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 17, wherein second resistor is composed of two resistive components in series with one another, and the modulation control output is connected between the two resistive components.
 20. A voltage-insensitive circuit, comprising: a second circuit; and a biasing means for providing a constant bias current to the second circuit. the bias current being insensitive to power fluctuations of the voltage-insensitive circuit.
 21. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 20, wherein the bias current is also insensitive to temperature fluctuations of the voltage-insensitive circuit.
 22. The voltage-insensitive bias circuit of claim 20, further comprising a bias modulation means coupled to the biasing means for changing the bias current. 